Assessing complementarities between live performances and YouTube video streaming.

Digitization and increased accessibility to recorded music have made revenue-generating activities increasingly tied to live performances. In this context, identifying the full impact of concerts (namely capturing the value of activities that emerge as a consequence of them) is of primary interest to assess the sustainability of the different music ecosystems. This paper analyzes spillover effects from playing live to YouTube video streaming. A sample of 190 artists performing in two international music festivals in years 2016 to 2019 has been selected, and the temporal patterns of online video searches for each one have been collected. Using a regression discontinuity design, results show a discrete jump of the YouTube search index for the average performer in the sample after playing live. Furthermore, there is evidence of a gender-specific effect: female performers experience a greater increase in YouTube searches. Though exploratory, this gender bias is consistent with potential theoretical explanations to be explored. Overall, findings provide causal evidence of the effect of live performances on a related but different market (i.e., recorded music), which underlines how technological disruptions may enable alternative revenue sources for musicians.

Effects of Inequality on Trust and Reciprocity: An Experiment With Real Effort.

The purpose of this paper is analyzing whether trust and reciprocity are affected by how rich the partner is or how well the partner performed several tasks with real effort. A trust game (TG) experiment is designed with three treatments. First, a baseline Treatment B in which subjects play a finitely repeated TG. Second, in a Treatment H with history, subjects know the partner's wealth level reached in the past. Third, in a Treatment E with effort the individual endowment with which the TG is played is endogenous and results from the subject's performance in three different real effort tasks (maths, cognitive and general knowledge related). The data analysis highlights the importance of past wealth levels (Treatment H) as well as endowment heterogeneity (Treatment E), on the actual levels of trust and reciprocity. Specifically, it is observed that the decision of trustors is positively affected by positive past experienced reciprocity. Moreover, trustors are sensitive to how much money the trustee accumulates each round in Treatment H, trusting more the ones that have accumulated less compared to themselves. In contrast with that, it is remarkable in Treatment E that trustors are sensitive to the endowment level of the trustees, trusting more the partners that have got a higher than own endowment, probably considering that a person that performed better in the tasks is a better partner to trust. As far as second players' behavior, as the amount received from the trustor increases it is less likely that the trustee reciprocates with higher than or with the egalitarian amount. In Treatments H and E, the probability that the trustee reciprocates with higher amount that the one received increases when inequality in endowment/accumulated earnings favors the trustor. Additional results come from analysis of personality archetypes and socio-demographic variables.

A cost and performance comparison of Public Private Partnership and public hospitals in Spain.

Public-private partnership (PPP) initiatives are extending around the world, especially in Europe, as an innovation to traditional public health systems, with the intention of making them more efficient.There is a varied range of PPP models with different degrees of responsibility from simple public sector contracts with the private, up to the complete privatisation of the service. As such, we may say the involvement of the private sector embraces the development, financing and provision of public infrastructures and delivery services.In this paper, one of the oldest PPP initiatives developed in Spain and transferred to other European and Latin American countries is evaluated for first time: the integrated healthcare delivery Alzira model.Through a comparison of public and PPP hospital performance, cost and quality indicators, the efficiency of the PPP experience in five hospitals is evaluated to identify the influence of private management in the results.Regarding the performance and efficiency analysis, it is seen that the PPP group obtains good results, above the average, but not always better than those directly managed. It is necessary to conduct studies with a greater number of PPP hospitals to obtain conclusive results.

Predictability of pharmaceutical spending in primary health services using Clinical Risk Groups.

BACKGROUND: Risk adjustment instruments applied to existing electronic health records and administrative datasets may contribute to monitoring the correct prescribing of medicines. OBJECTIVE: We aim to test the suitability of the model based on the CRG system and obtain specific adjusted weights for determined health states through a predictive model of pharmaceutical expenditure in primary health care. METHODS: A database of 261,054 population in one health district of an Eastern region of Spain was used. The predictive power of two models was compared. The first model (ATC-model) used nine dummy variables: sex and 8 groups from 1 to 8 or more chronic conditions while in the second model (CRG-model) we include sex and 8 dummy variables for health core statuses 2-9. RESULTS: The two models achieved similar levels of explanation. However, the CRG system offers higher clinical significance and higher operational utility in a real context, as it offers richer and more updated information on patients. CONCLUSIONS: The potential of the CRG model developed compared to ATC codes lies in its capacity to stratify the population according to specific chronic conditions of the patients, allowing us to know the degree of severity of a patient or group of patients, predict their pharmaceutical cost and establish specific programmes for their treatment.

[A standardized amount indicator by equivalent patient to control outpatient pharmaceutical expenditure, Spain]. / Desarrollo del indicador Población Estandarizada Equivalente para el control del gasto farmacéutico ambulatorio.

BACKGROUND: The outpatient pharmaceutical expenditure in developed countries represents a huge percentage of the total health budget, because of that, it is necessary to use tools aimed to control and guarantee an efficient use of these resources. Improving the current construction of the indicator of pharmaceutical expenditure in order to have a more adjusted tool of pharmaceutical expenditure control. METHODS: We introduce the concept of "equivalent patient" in the standardization of outpatient pharmaceutical expenditure, considering in its design several socio demographic variables in order to supersede the previous model which just considered the "Co-payment status" for adjusting the outpatient pharmaceutical expenditure. We considered variables as age, sex, co-payment status and nationality to elaborate the concept of equivalent patient. RESULTS: By applying the standardization method we obtained 160 groups of consumption with weights from 0,10 to 4,39 equivalent patients. CONCLUSIONS: We obtained a tool capable of improving the construction of Pharmaceutical Expenditure Indicators, which are essential for the design of measures aimed to stimulate the rational use of drugs. In a micro level of analysis, the new indicator is useful to establish economic incentives aimed to encourage good performance from physicians in the prescription field.

Desarrollo del indicador población estandarizada equivalente para el control del gasto farmacéutico ambulatorio / A standardized amount indicator by equivalent patient to control outpatient pharmaceutical expenditure, Spain

Fundamentos: El gasto farmacéutico representa un elevado porcentaje del gasto sanitario total en la mayoría de los países desarrollados, por lo que es importante utilizar herramientas que permitan hacer un uso eficiente. El objetivo del presente trabajo es construir un indicador de gasto farmacéutico estandarizado con el fin de disponer de una herramienta objetiva de evaluación y control del gasto más precisa que el indicador utilizado hasta el momento en la Comunitat Valenciana. Métodos: Para la construcción de este indicador se introdujo el concepto de "paciente equivalente" en la estandarización de la población, lo que permitió discriminar pacientes con perfiles de consumo diferentes. Dicha estandarización tiene en cuenta una serie de variables sociodemográficas que ofrecen una estandarización de los pacientes más ajustada que la que ofrecía el modelo utilizado hasta 2011, sustituido ahora por este nuevo indicador: el anterior indicador de importe estandarizado solo consideraba como característica diferenciadora del gasto la condición de farmacia (prestación farmaceútica sin o con aportación del 40%). Las variables consideradas en el nuevo proceso de estandarización fueron, la edad, el género, la condición de prestación farmaceútica y la cobertura internacional. Resultados: Después de aplicar el método de estandarización de la población se obtuvieron 160 grupos de pacientes con consumos diferentes a los que se les adjudicó unos pesos de 0,10 a 4,39 pacientes equivalentes. Conclusiones: El indicador obtenido permite comparar poblaciones homogéneas a través del proceso de su estandarización, lo que facilita la evaluación y control del gasto farmacéutico ambulatorio considerando los patrones de consumo de cada estructura poblacional. El indicador se puede aplicar a cualquier nivel organizativo, desde departamentos de salud a facultativos, por lo que ofrece información necesaria para el establecimiento de incentivos encaminados a promover una prescripción más eficiente(AU)

Background: The outpatient pharmaceutical expenditure in developed countries represents a huge percentage of the total health budget, because of that, it is necessary to use tools aimed to control and guarantee an efficient use of these resources. Improving the current construction of the indicator of pharmaceutical expenditure in order to have a more adjusted tool of pharmaceutical expenditure control. Methods: We introduce the concept of "equivalent patient" in the standardization of outpatient pharmaceutical expenditure, considering in its design several socio demographic variables in order to supersede the previous model which just considered the "Co-payment status" for adjusting the outpatient pharmaceutical expenditure. We considered variables as age, sex, co-payment status and nationality to elaborate the concept of equivalent patient. Results: By applying the standardization method we obtained 160 groups of consumption with weights from 0,10 to 4,39 equivalent patients. Conclusions: We obtained a tool capable of improving the construction of Pharmaceutical Expenditure Indicators, which are essential for the design of measures aimed to stimulate the rational use of drugs. In a micro level of analysis, the new indicator is useful to establish economic incentives aimed to encourage good performance from physicians in the prescription fiel(AU)

Financiación pública, provisión privada: la medida de la eficiencia comparada / No disponible

El establecimiento de criterios específicos y rigurosos para la evaluación de la actividad hospitalariaes de gran importancia, debido al enorme y creciente porcentaje de recursos públicos dedicadosa la salud. Por tanto, para detectar y solucionar potenciales ineficiencias es necesario diseñar un sistemade evaluación del desempeño de la actividad sanitaria. El objetivo de este artículo es el deanalizar la eficiencia de tres servicios sanitarios en hospitales de la comunidad valenciana, para establecerguías de desempeño eficiente. Este artículo compara además el desempeño operativo, tantoen hospitales públicos como en los de provisión privada.Se han seleccionado para el estudio tres de los servicios con mayor lista de espera (Cirugía general,Oftalmología, Traumatología - Cirugía ortopédica) de 22 hospitales de la comunidad valenciana.Para el estudio de la eficiencia se ha utilizado un modelo no paramétrico, concretamente el deanálisis envolvente de datos (DEA) y, complementariamente, se han construido dos indicadoresde eficiencia. Posteriormente se ha utilizado el análisis discriminante para comprobar la eficacia dedichos indicadores, los cuales se presentan como una metodología alternativa y más sencilla que elmodelo DEA.En conclusión, este artículo ofrece una metodología alternativa a la medida de la eficiencia de laactividad hospitalaria. Una metodología de gran sencillez operativa, tanto para la administraciónsanitaria como para la gerencia hospitalaria, y de gran utilidad en un contexto de coexistencia dehospitales públicos y de concesión administrativa(AU)

Establishing specific and thoroughly researched criteria for the evaluation of a hospital’s activity isvery important because there is an enormous and increasing amount of public resources dedicatedto healthcare. Thus, in order to discover and improve potential inefficiencies, a system for evaluating healthcare performance must be designed. With this goal in mind, this paper has aimed to analyzeefficiency in three health services units of the Valencian hospitals and to establish appropriate guidelinesfor efficient performance. This article also compares the operational performance in both publicand private hospitals.Three of the healthcare services units having the highest average waiting list out of 22 hospitalswithin the Valencian Region were selected (general surgery, ophthalmology, traumatology-ortopedicsurgery). A nonparametric methodology, specifically the DEA model (Data Envelopment Analysis)was used. As a complement, two efficiency indicators were constructed. Then a discriminate analysiswas used to verify the effectiveness of these two indexes, which are presented as an alternativemethod to the DEA model and one that is easier to use.In conclusion, this paper offers an alternative tool for evaluating the performance of hospital activity.This method is very easy to use, both for the hospital management and for the health administrationand is very useful within the context of coexistence of public hospitals and those of administrative concession(AU)

Evaluación de los sistemas de salud: estudio multivariante del logro en salud en los países europeos / Evaluation of the health systems: multivariant study of the profit in health in the European countries

La mayoría de países del mundo dedica un alto porcentaje de su presupuesto al sistema sanitario, y este porcentaje crece año tras año. Cobrando así, cada vez más importancia la evaluación de los sistemas sanitarios y su desempeño. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar las principales variables socioeconómicas que influyen sobre la esperanza de vida ajustada por discapacidad (EVAD) en los países europeos. Se han tomado 16 variables de carácter social, económico, sanitario y medioambiental, para los periodos de 2003 y 2004 en 22 países europeos. La información de de las 15 variables explicativas ha sido trasformada mediante un análisis factorial. Con el análisis de regresión, se ha obtenido la relación entre la EVAD y el resto de variables explicativas. Por último se ha realizado una agrupación de los países mediante un análisis cluster.

The majority of the countries in the world dedicate a high percentage of their budget to their Health Care System. In addition, this percentage grows year by year. For that reason, theHealth Care evaluation and its repercussion in the improvement of the population health are very important. The aim of this paper is to determine the mean socioeconomic variables thatinfluence the healthy life expectancy in the european countries. Taking 16 variables of social, economic, sanitary and environmental character, for the periods 2003 and 2004 in 22 europeancontries. The information of the 15 variables is transformed by a factorial analysis. The relation between the variables and the healthy life expectancy by means of a regression analisys. And a classification of the countries is made using the analysis cluster.